Invasive Species Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intrusive Species - Essay Example Intrusive species in specific areas are expected to undermine the remainder of the biological system particularly those species which have got terminated. It so happens when any specie increments in populace it decays the odds of development for the others. Be that as it may, this is a supposition as there is no information or investigated theory to help these presumptions; wiped out species become scant because of different biodiversity factors and because of these their populace begins declining in their local districts. A few scientists consider that human impedance in the environment has caused this disturb, either legitimately or in a roundabout way. So also, when scientist collected certain species in a remote situation it likewise upset the biodiversity of the territory and various species too. It can't be actually asserted what turned into the reason for danger for wiped out species, yet there are numerous obscure components to people about nature and biodiversity of life on Earth. Earthy colored tree snake of Guam is one of the model, which the writer talks about in the article. However, it is majestic to contemplate the effect of extraordinary plants, intrusive predators and pathogens in an outside situation as their sustenance and presence will rely upon various variables in the new environment.Conclusively, it is critical to explore, plan, ensure, and save the terminated species in their local and indigenous habitat as new districts will affect on their development in an obscure way and that can't be found out by people in a quick way.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 40

Task - Essay Example Different qualities incorporate the extension of the popularity based space that has seen the women’s testimonial that permitted ladies to cast a ballot, and social equality developments. This occasions have happened without causing an uprising contrary to the liberal preeminent guideline of law. Strict pluralism speaks to another quality of old style radicalism (Crowards, 1995, p, 21). This has give the best record of peaceful strict pluralism over the earth. Christians in the US from different divisions, Muslims, Hindus, Atheists, Jews, and Budhists live in harmony instead of regions that apply an alternate type of initiative. Old style progressivism allow to the individuals to be driving immovators and makers on the planet. Uncovered and expressed inclination methods have a place with the perceived natural dynamic procedures, which rank individual inclinations above and other component during the examination and in the process positioning least the frameworks that departure direct utilization of individual inclinations. They rely upon counsel and conclusion from proficient boards, strategy creators, and other partner bunches when these decisionsAmong the zones investigated remember placing accentuation for singular inclinations above administration ideas of confused ecological frameworks yet the individual has little data that occasionally is off base of any legitimacy. As per them, this is one reason educated individuals need to take part. It is fundamental to recollect that right now, it is a great idea to appreciate the specific job of data that advises the information regarding singular inclinations (Edwards, 1992, p. 43). Moreover, considering the capacity of data in strategy and appraisal of harms is significant. Natural dynamic procedures contrast basing on either professional’s point view or inclination of people. The striking distinction between these methodologies begins with differences once again the idea of monetary worth utilized information sources. The sources of info

Discuss artistic production during the Byzantine period Essay

Talk about imaginative creation during the Byzantine time frame - Essay Example The historical backdrop of imaginative creation in the Byzantine time frame Arguably, masterful creation indicates the production of items that watchers would see as huge or rather delightful. Further, craftsmanship features on the significant elements winning in a specific network over a given period. During the Byzantine time frame, Emperor Constantine governed the region and authorized development of Aelia Capitolina, which filled in as the fundamental city in the wake of supplanting the vestiges of Jerusalem city (Nici 261). He accentuated that the entire realm expected to proclaim the Christian confidence accordingly repressing the occupants from adjusting or grasping some other religions introduced in the realm. Fig. 1 Constantine Sculpture Therefore, Constantine filled in as a significant animating component towards the famous imaginative creation in the realm as he requested the structure of a portion of the verifiably prestigious holy places in the Middle East (Richardson, A ngeliki, and Kim 82). For example, Constantine requested for the structure of the Basilica church and different landmarks around the city. Ordered records further present that the Byzantine society constructed the Rotunda during the rule of Emperor Constantine as a proprietor to his mother’s dreams about the tomb of Jesus Christ (Jeffreys 132). Further, the general public had different various particular societies that beat a few lines. Mostly, the structure of lanes denoted the second biggest and all inclusive perceived social action of the Byzantium administration. For example, the structure of the Cardo road and narrowing of the Roman-constructed avenues with the end goal that the Byzantine boulevards met at the domains city square and stretched out oppositely to other revering locales in the North and South districts, and the East and West areas of the realm. Further, Constantine raised various landmarks along the roads that prompted the venerating focuses to respect vari ous scriptural lessons (Onians 164). Along these lines, it is sound to contend out that Byzantine workmanship was a type of meaning Christian lessons and advancing the religion during the boorish period. Further, the empire’s culture added to the acknowledgment of the Renaissance time frame after the avoidance of impediments that concentrated on appreciating the realm into rubbles. A portion of the period’s most famous masterful creations The empire’s craftsmen were notable for their energy in the making of landmarks and mosaics for instance, formation of â€Å"The Image of Christ of Pantocrator.† The imaginative creation is one of the most scandalous mosaics of the Byzantine time frame, from the Hagia and Sophia in Constantinople period. Essentially, history accept that the vast majority of the Christian works of art focused to attract the contribution of Christianity the area in spite of the danger of Muslim trespassers who were evidently looking to spr ead their religion over the Asian and European areas (Richardson, Angeliki, and Kim 85). Fig.2 the mosaic of Christ of Pantocrator Since the Constantinople Empire toppled the Roman Empire, it didn't promptly create its own craft however kept on building up the Roman Empire’s expressions. Principally, the Byzantine craftsmanship harmonized with the Greek work of art since the forerunners had obtained their aesthetic plans,

Movie Summary Dogville by Lars von Trier Essay Example For Students

Film Summary Dogville by Lars von Trier Essay Despite the fact that Lars Von Triers film, Dogville, stimulates similar inquiries that all his different movies do. Despite the fact that each and every one of his motion pictures is not quite the same as the other in plot, they all make them thing in like manner. They will make you question all that you think about ethical quality and will break the thought you have shaped in your mind about what is correct and what's going on. It will leave you in a condition of stun causing you to consider things that you generally appear to dodge since they cause you to feel awkward. Von Triers principle objective while making any film is to stir these questions and questions that skim in your brain once you wrap up his movies. The plot of, Dogville, rotates around a young lady named Grace, who gives off an impression of being on the run from the hordes, who are attempting to murder her. She discovers the town of Dogville and meets Tom, who is by all accounts the encapsulation of profound quality and generosity. The individuals of Dogville consent to shroud Grace as long as she consents to help them around town to win her keep. Be that as it may, after a short time the townspeople begin regarding Grace as their very own slave. The men start to explicitly manhandle and assault her without trying to try and conceal it. The individuals appear to accept that their treatment of Grace is an impeccably adequate exchange trade to concealing her. As you watch the townspeople go from tranquil, calm individuals to horrible and derisive abusers, you are left to think about whether their activities are driven by their conditions or would they say they are basically following their actual nature?! The carnal topic and the naturalistic component are vigorously interwoven all through the film. As the film advances we see that the individuals have no feeling of right or wrong. They are carrying on like creatures and regarding Grace as a slave. In addition, we understand that the name of the town is a portending of its occupants. Beauty doesn't intensely fight the people groups treatment of her since she has faith in inalienable ethical quality, she accepts that individuals have no influence over their own activities and in this manner ought to be pardoned. Notwithstanding, toward the finish of the film she gets her retribution and permits herself to feel the outrage that she has denied herself. Unexpectedly, the main animal that endures the town is the, hound. The consummation scene clarifies a ton about the Graces mentality all through the film. Effortlessness appears to acknowledge her maltreatment with no annoyance and sooner or later you wonder in the event that she has gotten numb from every one of that has happened to her?! Or on the other hand would she say she is excessively lenient? Maybe Graces calm acknowledgment of her maltreatment made the individuals misuse her further. Like the author Honor de Balzac once stated, â€Å"Perhaps it is just human instinct to perpetrate enduring on whatever will persevere through anguish, regardless of whether by reason of its certified quietude, or lack of concern, or sheer weakness. † At the end we understand that the hordes head is her dad and that she has been running from the indecency of her dads business, amusingly she runs into Dogville, where she experiences all that is exploitative and corrupt. Elegance attempts to legitimize the activities of the townspeople saying that, hounds just comply with their own tendency, so why shouldnt we excuse them? In any case, Grace understands that she can't legitimize their activities towards her any longer, this is exhibited when the omniscient says, in the event that she had acted like them, she was unable to have safeguarded a solitary one of her activities and couldn't have censured them brutally enough. Maybe her distress and agony at long last accepted their leg itimate spot. Effortlessness at long last comprehends that she isn't God. It isn't her business to pardon, she is permitted to be furious, and she is permitted to make a move against the individuals who hurt her.

India and Pakistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

India and Pakistan - Essay Example India has battled for endurance structure different trespassers from various religions. All trespassers attempted their best to plunder the rich properties India had during time of their attack. The first Anglo-French war occurred in the year 1748. Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-aulah was crushed the English in the Battle of Plassey in the year 1757. Again there was a war among French and the English crushed the French. In the year 1761, the leader of Afghanistan, Ahmed shah Abadi vanquished the Marathas extraordinary warriors in the Battle of Panipat third. The English picked up the Rights in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in the year 1765. Clive Lord has become Governor in Bengal during this period. There was a first Mysore war during 1767-69 between the British and Hyder Ali of Mysore. The English had made sure about the Northern circars in the year 1766. The British in their parliament passed the Regulatory Act in the 1773. Warren Hastings has climbed the seat of Governor of Bengal in the year 1772. The first Anglo-Maratha was occurred during the period 1775-1782. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was conceived in the year 1780 that had battled with the British for protecting his kin in the subsequent Mysore war; the English crushed the Hyder Ali during the period 1780-84. ... The English ahs squashed the Marathas in the second Anglo-Marathas war at Assaye. Sir Arthur Wellesley drove the English. Ruler William Bentick turned into the Governor General of Bengal in the year 1828 who had in this way, effectively brought forbiddance of sati in the year 1829 in to constrain by expelling age old traditions followed by the individuals of North specifically this Act was invited by a large portion of the networks in India and gave them a sounding help. During the period 1845-46, the English vanquished the Sikhs after the demise of Maharaja Ranjit singh who kicked the bucket in the year 1839. Ruler Dalhousie has become the Governor General of Bengal in the year 1848. First Indian Railway was laid structure Bombay to thane in the year 1868. In the year 1858, Indian Government was taken over by the British crown. The significant Acts, for example, Indian correctional code, Indian boards and Indian High Courts appeared and power. The sovereign of England has announced the ruler's of India in the year 1877. The Britishers gave Mysore state back to their unique guidelines in the year 1881.In the year 1911, the majestic capital moved structure Calcutta to Delhi, The First World War broke out in the year 1914. The Indian National congress comprising of Hindus and Muslims had made Annie Besant as the president in the year 1917. Montague changes board of trustees offered restricted common self-rule Indians in the year 1919. In this year the slaughter was bankrupt out in Jallianwala bagh where about hundreds Sikhs were murdered by the British in an assembly. The Indian national congress gave a call to watch development, non-participation. English clothiers were singed. Understudies didn't go to universities. Legal advisors left the training in the courts in the year

How to Relieve Stress With Bathtub Meditation

How to Relieve Stress With Bathtub Meditation Meditation Print How to Relieve Stress With Bathtub Meditation By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on December 05, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living stevecoleimages/Getty Images Meditation is a powerful stress reliever and a habit that can lead to resilience to stress and increased inner peace. While this may not come as a surprise, if youre like most people, youre aware that meditation can be helpful but you have trouble making it a daily habitâ€"life gets in the way! This is okay to an extent; practicing meditation once can be helpful. However, to gain the full benefit of meditation in terms of creating resilience and a lasting sense of peace, it should be practiced regularly. There are many different ways to experience the benefits of meditation, and having more options at your disposal can mean that the practice is easier to maintain on a regular basis. One soothing method is to meditate in the bath. The Benefits of Meditation for Stress Management Steps and Tips for Performing a Bathtub Meditation A bath meditation combines the standard benefits of meditation with the benefits of a relaxing, hot bath, which can soothe tired muscles, provide a calming atmosphere, and allow a temporary feeling of escape from stressors. This is a habit thats easy to practice on a nightly basis. How do you make a bath meditation effective? Here are some things to keep in mind. Make Time Block off at least 15 minutes where you won’t be interrupted. That means creating a few extra minutes in your schedule, putting the phone straight to voicemail, telling others in your household not to disturb you unless it’s an emergency. Whatever you need to do to set personal boundaries and block off the time, it should be worth the effort.   Use Aromatherapy Bath Products As you run the bath, you may want to incorporate some of the benefits of aromatherapy by using bubble-bath or bath oils scented with lavender (shown to be relaxing), peppermint (if you want to feel more alert), or another scent that you really like (studies show that subjectively pleasing scents bring stress relief benefits, too). This way you can add another layer of stress relief with no additional effort. Get in and Relax Let your breathing become slower and deeper, allowing your belly to rise and fall with each breath (instead of your shoulders or chest). This type of breathing is more natural and can help turn off your stress response if it was still triggered from earlier in the day. Focus on Sensations Now just focus on the sensations you feel in your bodyâ€"the warmth of the water on your skin, the pressure of the tub against your backâ€"and let go of all other thoughts. Try to keep your mind quiet and your attention focused on only the present moment. Stay In The Present If you find thoughts of the past, the future, or any form of internal dialogue happening, gently redirect your attention to the present moment. Continue for several minutes, and you should feel soothed and relaxed quickly. Tips If you’re new to meditation, you may want to try the meditation part of it for 5 or 10 minutes at first and work your way up. (Time spent in the tubâ€"in meditation or notâ€"should still be relaxing enough.)If you find it difficult to keep your mind completely clear, you may want to try a mantra meditation. This is a form of meditation where you focus on repeating a sound or phrase over and over. It can be a nice alternative for those who become frustrated by a mental voice that wants to keep talking.You can also add music as a focal point for your meditation with the Musical Bath Meditation.  This can increase your relaxation, as music brings its own benefits for stress management. If youre really tired, you may want to choose a different type of meditationâ€"you dont want to risk falling asleep in the tub. A Word From Verywell Experimenting with different types of meditation can help you to find multiple favorite stress relief strategies, and can make it easier to make meditation an ongoing habit, reaping the resiliency benefits in the process.

Wealth and Poverty in American Literature - Literature Essay Samples

In American literature and culture throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the signs of wealth and poverty are often indicated by an individual’s appearance. The belief that one’s exterior reflects their class is demonstrative of the narcissism of American society during the Progressive Era, as the population more notably the middle class, grew obsessed with the idea of visibly displaying one’s wealth. The expansion of conspicuous consumption remains central to evaluating the signs of economic power, as without the development of this concept, appearance would not be considered so wholly symbolic of one’s pecuniary strength. As a result, a person’s image provides many signs of their financial status; such as their physical appearance, their display of possessions, the manner in which they speak, but also the type of activities they partake in which affect their mien. The significance of these signals is explored in many pieces of America n literature, which capture the dramatic contrast between the extravagant exterior of the rich and the ragged appearance of the poor. The physical appearance of an individual is shown to be representative of their financial status, as those who are smart and well-dressed are assumed to be wealthy, and those who are unwashed and unkempt, poor. In Wharton’s The Age of Innocence, the extreme wealth of the characters is reflected by their clothing with particular focus on Countess Olenska, whose hair is said to be ‘held in place by a narrow band of diamonds’. This small accessory alone is an indicator of her fortune, as it is evident that only the upper classes can afford to wear such valuable jewelry. Wharton also draws attention to the Countess’ ‘long sealskin cloak’, which reinstates her affluent image, as authentic animal fur is recognised as a luxury good. The elaborate clothing of the wealthy Countess contrasts greatly to the pitiful physical state of the impoverished characters in Crane’s Maggie. On the first page of the novella Crane highlights the dishevelled app earance of the peasant boy Jimmie, stating ‘His coat had been torn to shreds [†¦] and his hat was gone’. This immediately hints at his poor background, as the only clothes Jimmie is wearing are almost unwearable due to their severely tattered condition. The fact that Crane makes particular note of the loss of his hat rather than listing all the clothing he possesses (like Wharton), stresses his destitute image. Similarly, the author first describes Maggie as a ‘ragged girl’; instantly underlining her bedraggled state and therefore alluding to her indigence. By introducing the characters in terms of their physical appearance, Crane stresses the importance of clothing as a sign of monetary power. This is also demonstrated by the character Pete, who adapts his clothing in order to make himself appear richer; Crane notes ‘wealth and prosperity were indicated by his clothes’, suggesting that he is deliberately wearing finer garments to build a wealthy image. Throughout the novella, the author focuses on the description of visual aspects, which reinforces the idea that appearance provides an insight into one’s economic situation he tells us what poverty looks like. However, American literature also demonstrates that it is not merely a person’s clothing that reflects their class, but also how one makes themselves appear through physical activities. Wharton’s novel captures the importance of engaging in cultural practices in order to exhibit one’s wealth as the characters attend the opera, read educational books, and host dinner parties (each of these lavish pursuits representative of their affluence). The opening scene of the novel takes place at the opera, to which critic Hossein Pirnajmuddin states â€Å"right from the outset we know that Whartons dramatic personae are upper class New Yorkers.† With this view in mind, it is evident that partaking in intellectual activities instantly entails wealth especially ‘high art’ like the opera, as it is associated with those who have a higher level of education and a higher social origin. Pierre Bourdieu explores this theory, as he argues that taste in the arts â€Å"function as markers of ‘class’† due to the way in which arts and their consumers are constructed hierarchically. This shows how an interest in culture is symbolic of prosperity as an individual who has grown up in an educationally and socially richer environment is more inclined to appreciate the arts. Consequently, by attending the opera, Wharton’s characters immediately appear sophisticated and fashionable because of the association tied to it meaning partaking in cultural activities such as this serves as a clear sign of wealth. Contrariwise, the lack of involvement in such pursuits is also a sign of belonging to a poorer class as it suggests that one lacks a proper education. The display of an individual’s possessions is another sign of either wealth or poverty, as a person’s belongings often hint at their economic power. Actively exhibiting ones expensive assets, in other words, conspicuous consumption, is described as ‘an evidence of pecuniary strength’ by Veblen in his The Theory of the Leisure Class. The critic of capitalism states that ‘the failure to consume in due quantity and quality becomes a mark of inferiority and demerit’, therefore indicating that by flaunting upmarket goods, one is immediately regarded as wealthy and conversely, if one does not conspicuously consume, then in society’s eyes, one is poor. The sociologist also clarifies that comforts of life such as luxurious food, fine furniture and grand dwelling ‘are strictly reserved for the use of the superior class’. This culture of ostentatious spending in order to mark one’s prosperity is captured in Wharton’s Th e Age of Innocence as the author describes the Beaufort’s ball-room; noting the ‘red velvet carpet’, the ‘vista of enfiladed drawing-rooms’ and the ‘conservatory where camellias and tree-ferns arched their costly foliage over seats of black and gold bamboo.’ This is an obvious display of wealth; the imposing furniture and adorned architecture are characteristic of conspicuous consumption. The display of rich colors such as red, black and gold also builds on the affluent image of the Beauforts, as visually, these tones are striking and demand to be noticed these assets would not be signs of wealth if nobody were there to see them. Conversely, the poorer class is identified by their inability to exhibit such luxuries and their possession of purely basic goods for survival; as Veblen explains, ‘the base, industrious class should consume only what may be necessary to their subsistence’. This is captured by Riis in How the Other Half Lives, as he documents the squalid living conditions of the New York slums throughout the 1880s. Here he refers to the ‘twenty-five cent lodging house’ as an ‘enclosing a space just large enough to hold a cot and a chair and allow the man room to pull off his clothes.’ The fact that the most expensive pieces of furniture consist of a cot and a chair stresses the sheer poverty of the lodgers. Riis proceeds to describe the bed sheets as ‘yellow’ and ‘foul’, which contrasts dramatically to the lavish image of the Beaufort’s red velvet carpet. The journalist also captures the bleak appearance of poverty in many of his photos, such as â€Å"Room in a Tenement†, where a family of seven are pictured living in a single room. The only possessions in sight are a few items of crockery and clothes, a frail-looking cot, a bed and a chair. Here the lodgers severe lack of belongings is a clear indicator of their poverty, as un like the ridiculously wealthy characters in Wharton’s novel, they do not have the means to conspicuously consume. This demonstrates how the quality and quantity of one’s possessions affects their appearance in terms of economic power; meaning obtrusive spending is a sign of wealth, and the lack of this sign is itself a sign of poverty. Speech is another important aspect in terms of making oneself appear of a particular class, as the manner in which one speaks is thought to signal their social origin and the quality of their education. The characters in Wharton’s novel speak in Queen’s English, using correct grammatical structures and no slang this is a clear indicator of their upper class background, as it shows that they are all finely educated. For example, in a conversation with the Countess, Archer questions â€Å"Sincerely, then what should you gain that would compensate for the possibility the certainty of a lot of beastly talk?†. Here the complex structure of the sentence, and Archer’s clear pronunciation is evidence of his good schooling. The use of more elevated, somewhat pretentious language is also a sign of wealth, as this sophisticated style of speech is typically associated with a higher level of education. The eloquence of the characters in The Age of Innocence allows them to appear well-moneyed, whereas the dialect of those in Maggie is an sign of their working class background. For example in Chapter 10, feeling betrayed by her daughter, Mary cries â€Å"Yeh’ve gone teh deh devil [] Yer a disgrace teh yer people. An’ now, git out an’ go ahn†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Here Crane’s use of phonetic spelling conveys the strength of the Irish accent; immediately hinting at her underprivileged background, as during the 19th century many poor Irish immigrants fled to New York in search of a better life. The contractions and the dropping of the letter ‘d’ in ‘and’ creates the impression of a lower class, as the pronunciation is imprecise, and the language unrefined. Mary also uses incorrect grammar as she talks about how she â€Å"bringed up† Maggie, showing her lack of proper education. Crane implies that the characters themselves recognize speech as a sign of pecuniary strength, as at one point he nar rates, â€Å"as [Pete] became aware that [Maggie] was listening closely, he grew still more eloquent in his descriptions of various happenings in his career†. This shows that Pete is attempting to make himself appear of a higher class by adapting his speech. American literature and culture throughout the Progressive Era captures the significance of appearance in terms of the signs of wealth and poverty, as both fictional and factual works convey the societal judgements towards the working and the leisure class. Veblen confirms the importance of the role of conspicuous consumption, as his The Theory of the Leisure Class suggests that this concept is what really drove society to review one another’s financial status in light of their exterior. Wharton presents the power of this notion in her novel, as the New Yorkers’ majestic robes, sophisticated possessions, style of speech, and attending of the opera all contribute to their glamorous appearance; hence indicating their wealth. Crane and Riis also address these signs, however conversely, as the scruffy appearance and use of non-standard English in Maggie, and the lodgers’ ownership of only primitive items in How the Other Half Lives is a manifestation of poverty. Rega rdless of whether these signs indicate wealth or poverty, they are all evinced through one’s appearance; either directly (visually) or indirectly (through mannerisms or activities that give the impression of a particular class).

Crustaceans, Subphylum Crustacea

How To Use Cuando in Spanish

Cuando or its question form, cuà ¡ndo, is the Spanish word used most often for when. It can be used as an interrogative pronoun, subordinating conjunction, or preposition. Fortunately, its use is usually straightforward for Spanish students because as a pronoun or conjunction it is used in much the same way as the English word. Cuà ¡ndo in Questions In questions, cuà ¡ndo is always used with a verb in the indicative mood, the most common type. As in the final two examples, cuà ¡ndo can also be used in indirect questions.  ¿Cuà ¡ndo pasà ³ el cometa Halley por à ºltima vez? (When did Halleys comet last pass by?) ¿Cuà ¡ndo es Semana Santa en Espaà ±a este aà ±o? (When is Holy Week in Spain this year?) ¿Hasta cuà ¡ndo dura la ola de frà ­o? (How long will the cold wave last? Literally: Until when will the cold wave last?) ¿Cuà ¡ndo ganarà © la loterà ­a? (When will I win the lottery?)Quieren saber cuà ¡ndo voy a dar a luz. (They want  to know when Im going to give birth.)No entiendo cuà ¡ndo se usan las palabras por y para. (I dont understand when the words por and para are used.)No sabemos cuà ¡ndo aprendià ³ a atarse los zapatos. (We dont know when she learned to tie her shoes.) Note how cuà ¡ndo is spelled with an orthographic accent. The accent doesnt affect its pronunciation. Cuando as a Subordinator When cuando is used used to introduce a clause (a series of words that could be a sentence but form a longer phrase starting with cuando), either the indicative or subjunctive mood can be used in that clause. The choice of moods depends on whether the action of the verb has been completed. As a subordinating conjunction, cuando — usually translated as when or whenever — typically is followed by a verb in the indicative mood when that verb refers to something that has already occurred or is occurring in the present. The present includes referring to an event that has occurred and could continue to occur. Boldface verbs in these samples indicate the subordinate verb in the indicative mood: Recuerdo cuando llegaron mis padres. (I remember when my parents came.)La à ºltima vez fue cuando dos miembros del equipo fueron detenidos. (The last time was when two members of the team were arrested.)Ana cometià ³ dos errores cuando comprà ³ la bicicleta.  (Ana made two mistakes when she bought the bicycle.)No hay nada que hacer cuando la và ­ctima ya està ¡ muerta. (There is nothing to do when the victim is already dead.)Nadie me paga cuando estoy enfermo. (Nobody pays me when Im sick.)Come cuando tengas hambre, no sà ³lo cuando el reloj dice que es hora de comer. (Eat when you are hungry, not just when the clock says its time to eat.)Cuando vamos a la ciudad siempre es porque hay mil cosas que hacer allà ­. (When we go to the city it is always because there are a thousand  things to do there.) In contrast, the present-tense subjunctive mood typically follows cuando when verb referring to an action or state of being that has yet to occur. Note how use of the subjunctive isnt accompanied by a corresponding verb change in the English translation.  Boldfaced verbs here are in the subjunctive: Llegaremos cuando debamos y no antes. (We will arrive when we should and not before.)Mà ­rame a los ojos cuando hables.  (Look in my eyes when you speak.)Despià ©rtame cuando lleguen tus amigos. (Wake me up when your friends arrive.)Vamos a hacerlo cuando seamos capaces. (We are going to do it when we are capable.) ¿Quà © voy a hacer cuando està © viejo? (What am I going to do when I am old?)Cuando vayamos a la ciudad sea porque habrà ¡n mil cosas que hacer allà ­. (When we go to the city, it will be because there will be a thousand things to do there.) Cuando as a Preposition Although not particularly common, cuando also can be a preposition. In these instances, cuando means at the time of, although you may have to improvise with the translation rather than translating word for word. Voy a estar triste cuando insolvencia. (Ill be sad when an insolvency occurs.)No he pensado cà ³mo serà © cuando adulto. (I have not thought of how Ill be as an adult.)Apaga la llama cuando hervir. (Turn off the flame when boiling occurs.) Key Takeaways When cuà ¡ndo is used in a question to mean when, a written accent is used with the à ¡.Cuando (without a written accent) is frequently used to introduced a clause that can be in either the indicative or subjunctive mood.Unlike the English when, cuando is sometimes used as a preposition and cannot be translated directly.

An Integrated Signal Conditioning Block For Electrocardiogram

The AD8232 is an integrated signal conditioning block for Electrocardiogram, which is designed for extraction, amplification and filtering of small biopotential signals in the presence of noisy conditions, created by motion or remote electrode placement. The AD8232 has essential pins like shutdown pin, leadoff+, leadoff-, analog output, 3.3v, gnd to operate with the Arduino Mega 2560. There also exist RA(Right Arm),LA(Left Arm), RL(right leg) pins to attach to the custom sensor of human body . It has an led indicator which pulsates with the rhythm of a heartbeat .2.2.6 Heartbeat Sensor The Heartbeat sensor works on the principle of photoplethysmography which is a method of not invading the body for measuring heartbeat. It provides a simple way to obtain the function of the heart. The heartbeats can be measured based on the principle of psycho-physiological signal which is used as a stimulus for the virtual- reality system. The blood flow in the finger changes every instant. The sensor shines a small very bright LED through the clip and measures the light that gets transmitted to the Light Dependent Resistor. The signal firstly gets amplified after which it is inverted and filtered. In order to calculate the heart rate based on the blood that flows to the fingertip, the sensor is connected to a LM358 OP-AMP for observing the heartbeat pulses. The module gives a direct output digital signal when connected to a microcontroller. It is compact in size and works at a

The Simpsons Worst Running Tv Series Of All Time

One of the longest running TV series of all time is the Simpsons. The Simpsons is an animated sitcom that uses satire to depict the â€Å"average† American family. The Simpson Family consists of Homer (father), Marge (mother), Bart (son), Lisa (daughter), and Maggie (baby). In 2007 The Simpsons hit the big screen. This major motion picture about Springfield, the home of the Simpson Family, and has just about everything possibly imaginable. Springfield however has a very large problem, they pollute like no other place in the United States. It was not until Lisa Simpson proved to the town how polluted the local lake was that change was instituted. After Lisa â€Å"saves† the lake the city institutes wide spread trash and recycling procedures. However Homer doesn’t want to wait in one of the lines and instead dumps his trash in the lake. This is the straw that broke the camel’s back because after this the lake became toxic. At this point the Environmental Pro tection Agency (EPA) steps in and with the authorization of the President. Springfield becomes encapsulated in a large dome. At this point it becomes a life or death situation. The Simpsons then manage to escape and go on a wild journey. Only to eventually get caught. Once the Simpsons are returned to the dome, a massive bomb is placed in an effort to prevent Springfield from further pollution. (The Simpsons Movie). The looming threat that in a short matter of time everyone could be dead. It is at this point that Terror ManagementShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Homer Simpson s The Simpsons 1288 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study on Homer Simpson By: Ian Conway Homer Simpson is a fictional character and one of the main protagonists in the TV show The Simpsons. Dan Castellanta voices him. He lives in a fictional town called Springfield, Oregon, United States. He is married to Marge Simpson with three children named Bart, Lisa and Maggie. He has a pet dog named Santa’s Little Helper and cat called Snowball. Homer currently works in the show at a Nuclear Power Plant as a Safety inspector but has worked at previousRead MoreHow Do Different Forms Of Entertainment Media?1791 Words   |  8 Pages 1 How do different forms of entertainment media (like TV, movies, video games, comic books, etc.) create and re-create cultural values related to gender, race, ethnicity, social class, and technology? What do fictional worlds, societies, technologies, and creatures tell us about our own society and the values we hold? Are the cultural values expressed accurate reflections, or are they more like the distorted reflection of a fun house mirror? Do they reinforce the status quo or challenge culturalRead MoreThe News Corporation - Strategic Analysis7537 Words   |  31 Pagesservices * Cable network programming * others To stay competitive Murdoch used several strategies to keep its position or even expand its cross-media empire. He made use of economies of scales and standardization to save money encroaching upon all business units of TNC. Nevertheless, these units work individually. Products were and still are introduced mainly via market development and market penetration. To ensure that stakeholders ´ needs are combined with management plans the company doesRead MoreProduct Placement10682 Words   |  43 Pagessuch as movies, the story line of television shows, or news programs. The product placement is often not disclosed at the time that the good or service is featured. Product placement became common in the 1980s. In April 2006, Broadcasting Cable reported, Two thirds of advertisers employ branded entertainment—product placement—with the vast majority of that (80%) in commercial TV programming. The story, based on a survey by the Association of National Advertisers, said Reasons for using in-showRead MoreProduct Placement10670 Words   |  43 Pagesas movies, the story line of television shows, or news programs. The product placement is often not disclosed at the time that the good or service is featured. Product placement became common in the 1980s. In April 2006, Broadcasting Cable reported, Two thirds of advertisers employ branded entertainment—product placement—with the vast majority of that (80%) in commercial TV programming. The story, based on a survey by the Association of National Advertisers, said Reasons for using in-showRead MoreBusiness Journalism in India26104 Words   |  105 Pagesmagazines, scope for special interest magazines. The role of the consumers purchasing power more important than editorial content 8 Magazines during post emergency boom Success of ‘India Today’. How can magazines (5) compete with the challenge posed by TV which now covers sports, celebrities, life style, news and business. How to find out if there is a niche for new magazines. Comment on Travel, Health, Technology and career-guidance magazines 9 Western craze among glossy women’s magazines, BetterRead MoreOrganisational Behavioure23151 Words   |  93 PagesROBBMC08.QXD.0132431521 12/15/05 12:25 PM Page 259 CHAPTER 8 Emotions Can Be Powerful teve Wynn, the famous hotel S on the grounds of his flagship hotel and mogul, is an emotional person.1 casino, The Mirage. At the same time, He is known for his infectious while Wynn was in charge of the enthusiasm, as well as his temper. He once Mirage, it was high on Fortune’s shot off his index finger in his office. And list of America’s Most Admired when describingRead MoreLgbt19540 Words   |  79 Pagesas a transgender person. Many transgender people live part-time or full-time in another gender. Transgender people can identify as transsexual, transvestite or another gender identity. Gender Identity Ones gender identity refers to whether one feels male, female or transgender (regardless of ones biological sex). Gender expression refers to outwardly expressing ones gender identity. Transsexual people live or wish to live full time as members of the gender other than that assigned at birthRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pageswill normally be a prerequisite that some type of analysis of the strategic position is undertaken, using the case material. When planning the use of these cases within programmes, care needs to be taken to balance the time taken on such strategic analysis so as to allow the time required to analyse the main issues for which the case has been chosen. Where the text and cases are being used as the framework for a strategy programme (as we hope they will), it is essential that students are requiredRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesthat internal forces and biases, which are under the control of the organization, cause many of the formidable problems facing brand builders today. 1. Pressure To Compete On Price There are enormous pressures on nearly all firms to engage in price competition. In all industries from computers to cars to frozen dinners to airlines to soft drinks, price competition is at center stage, driven by the power of strong retailers, value-sensitive customers, reduced category growth, and overcapacity

A Passage to India †Analysis Free Essays

The novel and film ‘A Passage to India’ written by Forster and directed by Lean is about the Society of British people in India. Mrs. Moore and Adela Quested arrived in Chandrapore, India because Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on A Passage to India – Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moore’s son Ronny and Adela are recently engaged. However, when they arrived they sensed, and were quickly trapped in, a prejudiced British community which misuses the natives of India and abuses them throughout the whole novel and film. ‘A Passage to India’. The film is directed by Lean presents and emphasis meaning throughout the film. An example of presenting meaning is when it is the scene when you see Mrs. Moore standing up for ‘God save the Queen’ and you see her directing her view slowly towards the Ganges. Lean uses the glance to turn down the music, presumably at the time that Mrs. Moore’s attention is transferred to the magnificence of the river. As time goes by when she is viewing the Ganges, you hear ‘God save the Queen’s’ volume dimming, this represents silence when is just looking, during this time she is just reflecting on things which have recently happened which she thinks is wrong. Lean at times presents the moon, the night sky and the expanses of the Ganges. Few examples of where Mrs. Moore is shown with the moon, night sky and the expanses of the Ganges, the first example is when you see Mrs. Moore entering the Moslim mosque which Dr. Aziz was there reflecting and Mrs. Moore for the first time looks out to the Ganges with the night sky so close. An another scene is when Mrs. Moore and Adela are on the train and while the train is crossing the bridge the night sky and expanses of the Ganges are shown. Another scene is when Mrs. Moore is on the ship leaving Chandrapore and she is seen by the deck reflecting on the recent things, the night sky is shown and the expanses, She finally dies after suffering from her heart condition. Lean presents a scene at the club when they were playing English songs such as, ‘God save the Queen’, ‘Tea for two’ and more. From this we can say that Lean presents the Indians as serving, There is no real meaning because all that they are doing is taking time away from their own lives to perform what they don’t really understand. They are merely used to imprint the British culture is rendered with seeming pride and enthusiasm. Lean shows Mrs. Moore and Godbole as characters who technically do not talk with each other but they do recognize and appreciates each others time. A good example of a scene where Godbole and Mrs. Moore are communicating without words spoken is the scene where Mrs. Moore is on the train and leaving Chandrapore, Godbole walks out of his temple and does a hand sign in the rear darkness. Mrs. Moore responds in a wave that seems to deepen the silence to meaning. How to cite A Passage to India – Analysis, Essay examples

Global Climate Justice-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Global Climate Justice. Answer: Global change is considered to be one of the global problems that affects the lives of millions of people by maintaining a balance between the natural species and the ecosystems. Global justice has developed recently as per the research of the political philosophers and the theorists. Climate changes are not always related to the activities of individuals but it also gets affected because of the Act of God. As per the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change states that significant measures have been taken by them to control the climate change globally. Impacts of the climate change have an effect on the security of livelihoods of natural local economies. The health community gets threatened due to the alterations in the climate. The changes majorly affect the vulnerable, old people and children. The small island states and women, coastal regions, local communities and poor people chiefly experience such changes. Climate Justice states that the public policy is based on the equal and mutual respect for all the people. Every individual belonging to the community should be saved and protected from biasness of discrimination. Natural resources must be depleted at a speedy rate so that exploitation reduces and comes down to a limited level of quality. However, climate change have reflected the overwhelming effects on plenty of people. Due to which human beings suffer. Recent changes have focused on the several problems of the climate change. However, climate justice acts in protecting the rights and obligations of the victims of climate change and are engaged with the injustices for receiving compensation of the land and other materials that have been damaged. Climate Justice asserts the need for the socio-economic models that protects the fundamental rights for cleaning the healthy ecosystems. Bibliography Hornborg, A. and Martinez-Alier, J., 2016. Ecologically unequal exchange and ecological debt.J. Political Ecol,23, pp.328-333. Moellendorf, D., 2015. Climate change justice.Philosophy Compass,10(3), pp.173-186. Reese, G., 2016. Common human identity and the path to global climate justice.Climatic change,134(4), pp.521-531. Routledge, P., 2015. Climate justice: climate change, resource conflicts, and social justice. InReframing Climate Change(pp. 83-98). Routledge.

Steve Jobs Rhetorical Analysis free essay sample

Steve Jobs lived a life unparalleled by the common man. Raising some of the most successful corporations from the ground up, being at the forefront of the technological revolution, and battling pancreatic cancer for a number of years were all things that he succeeded in accomplishing throughout his 56 years of life. He also happened to deliver a brilliant commencement address to one of the finest academic institutions in the world. Any college graduate in the audience that sunny afternoon at Stanford University was in for a treat. The irony behind the whole situation was the fact that Steve Jobs himself, although arguably one of the most successful men of the 21st century, never graduated college. â€Å"†¦this is the closest Ive ever gotten to a college graduation†, Jobs confesses immediately after he begins speaking. Throughout the speech, the experiences he shares with the audience all share a common theme; the pursuit of happiness will lead you down the road of success if you follow your intuition and do what makes you truly happy. He conveys this message with the use of a cause and effect analysis, contrast, and personal anecdotes. Personal experiences help to create and develop individuality. Steve Jobs learned this at an early age as a young man attending Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Job’s was not certain what he wanted to do with his life and was very indecisive when selecting a major. After six months he decided to drop out of school and found himself sleeping somewhere other than a place of his own. Jobs explains, â€Å"I didnt have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5? deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. †(1) Initially it seemed somewhat odd for him to be mentioning a stage in his life that resembled the lifestyle of a vagabond. As he continues to speak, you realize he shares his college experiences to relate to his audience on a more personal level. Jobs wanted to present himself in a manner that many college students could relate to in one way or another. Although these conditions may not seem ideal for most, Jobs loved it. With so much free time on his hands, he dropped in on classes he thought he would enjoy. â€Å"Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country†¦ I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. †(1) At the time, he took the class simply because he thought he would like it. Ten years later, his decision to learn calligraphy would pay off when designing the new Macintosh computer. â€Å"When we were designing the first Macintosh (computer), it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. †(1) Jobs had attended a class for no reason other than to learn something he thought he would enjoy and it ended up helping to define a revolutionary computer system. The way he coped with the adversity of his situation presented him with experiences and knowledge that would facilitate his future success. This subsequently resembled a cause and effect strategy in his speech, the cause being him dropping out of classes and the effect being the acquisition of a priceless computer typeface system. â€Å"And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1). He also pokes a little bit of fun at his competitors. Starting a business is a decision that over half a million people in our country decide to make every year. The obvious goal of each business is to maximize profits, however many companies struggle to find the right recipe for success. Steve Jobs and close friend Steve Wozniacki decided to start up the company Apple in Job’s garage at the age of twenty. â€Å"We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a two billion dollar company with over 4000 employees†(1). It seemed there was no stopping the growth of Apple, Jobs had finally found something he loved to do. At the age of thirty however, Jobs received some unfortunate news. He was fired from the company that he had started. To go from a position of seemingly limitless potential to being unemployed, there seems no bigger contrast in lifestyle. However, rather than laying down and admitting defeat Jobs decides to brainstorm new ideas and enters what he considers to be one of the most creative stages of his life. â€Å"The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything†(1). Over the next five years, several important events happen in Job’s life. He starts two new companies, NeXT and Pixar, and finds the woman he wants to marry. Soon after, something would happen next that no one could have anticipated. â€Å"In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, and I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apples current renaissance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ and he also adds, â€Å"And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together†(1). Steve shares this story with the audience to prove that no matter what situation you get placed in, making the most of it will pay off. He knows that as college graduates about to enter the workforce, being placed in an environment unfamiliar to them is all too likely. In order to succeed you must be able to follow your heart and adapt to your new surroundings. â€Å"Im pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadnt been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it†(1). Finding the bright side of any situation, no matter how rough it may be, is an essential step in the rebuilding process. Job’s is encouraging the Stanford graduates to be resilient to any adversity they face. Throughout his speech, Jobs discussed in detail three events that had an infallible effect on the person he had become. The reason these personal anecdotes resonated so strongly with me was due to the fact that all of them were negative experiences rather than positive ones. What Jobs wanted the audience to take away from these experiences was the fact that success is not easy to come by and you will face struggles along the way. The reason he succeeded is because he never gave up on doing what he loved, and any challenge you overcome will only make you more adept at handling similar situations in the future. Indicative of his track record, the audience has a solid incentive to listen his advice. â€Å"When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: ‘If you live each day as if it was your last, someday youll most certainly be right. ’†(1). Jobs was determined to leave his mark on the world. By simply watching his body language and hearing the way he speaks, it becomes clear that this man sets an example that would be wise to follow. He speaks with confidence and his tone assures those listening that his life would not have turned out the same way if he hadn’t blazed his own trial and was influenced by the voices of others. â€Å"Your time is limited, so dont waste it living someone elses life. Dont be trapped by dogma which is living with the results of other peoples thinking†(1). Steve Jobs was an individual who knew what he wanted in life. He did not allow anyone to impede upon his progress and his success will have an effect on those Stanford graduates well after they proceed from the stadium. Speeches have the ability to be very powerful. However, when not delivered in an effective manner, they can also have an adverse effect. Steve Jobs does a brilliant job demonstrating the way to go about delivering a speech. He does not speak down to the students, but rather he levels out the playing field. They students can relate to Jobs because everyone encounters struggles in life, it’s how you deal with those struggles that makes all the difference. What he wanted for the graduates he was speaking too was nothing more than to give them the confidence to do whatever they want in life with no reluctance. He also states, â€Å"’Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. ’ It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And Ive always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you: Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish†(1). No matter what; the pursuit of happiness will lead you down the road of success if you follow your intuition and do what makes you truly happy.

My love of cooking Essays - Survival Skills, Foods, Meal, Cooking

I never told anyone how passionate I am about cooking. It wasn?t till I got older and began to travel that I realized the importance of food and culture. Before then I never took pleasure in the preparation of meals. The whole process of cooking was a nuisance. At family functions the women would be in the kitchen cooking, telling stories, and laughing. I would always watch from a far but never joined in for the fear of getting dirty, or causing an accident. I later conquered my fear and began to cook often. My family would get together every Sunday to eat, dance, and enjoy each others company. This specific day they were serving fresh fish. As I devoured the fish, I never stopped to think of the time it took to prepare it, where it came from, or how it came to be? I never thought a meal could give such insight into a people?s culture. Food is influenced by culture. The first time I realized this was when I traveled outside of Puerto Rico. My mother was working in a hotel and was invited to the grand opening of El Conquistador in Catalonia, Spain. It was a different world, a world that revolved around food. The people of Spain take simple pleasure in life. Everyday they take a ?Siesta?. Siesta is the Spanish word for nap. It is around noon, when the stores and restaurants start closing. The town becomes a desolate place. People head home to be with their families, and enjoy their lunch; afterwards they rest. They come back out in the evening. The streets become crowded again, couples stroll by, children run down the sidewalks, music travels from balconies down to the streets. Florescent lamps illuminate the town and the intoxicating smells of food invade your nostrils. It is now dinner time. Dinner time for Spaniards is usually around 9:00 pm. By then I was starving, I asked my friend and guide Laura, to order for us. I began to recognize some of the dishes being set at our table. The aroma brought back nostalgic memories of home. They were typical dishes we would have at our family parties in Puerto Rico. Somehow we crossed paths. We shared something in common. We both shared the same history. Millions of years ago we evolved, we learned how to hunt and gather. We created fire, and realized the importance of heating and preserving food. We nourished our bodies and brains and food became an essential part of survival. There were regions of the world with different climates. Foods that would flourish and grow in certain parts of the world did not exist in others. Explorers crossed oceans, found new land and conquered people. Years ago Puerto Rico was ?discovered? by Spanish Conquistadors. The island was inhabited by Native settlers when the Spaniards arrived. Cultures clashed and what is now Puerto Rico came to be. Spanish heritage has left an undeniable impression on the island and proof of its cultural exchange can be found in the local culinary styles. I now view cooking as a way of reconnecting with the past. I incorporate old traditional recipes and add new ingredients to create something new and unique. The process is what sustains my love for cuisine. The time and effort put into a meal, and the way it quickly disappears. The silence in a room filled with people who are too busy eating to talk. The consistency of things, that no matter where you are in the world it will always take twelve minutes to boil an egg. I now have a new sense of appreciation for cuisine. I love inviting friends and family dinner and enjoying delicious, home made meals together. The fruit of my labor is seeing the satisfying smiles on their faces and hearing them say things like ?Compliments to the chef!? I also realize the importance of preparing your own meals. You have complete control of the ingredients being used, and the finishing product. There are many benefits to learning how to cook. It is a lot more economical to buy your own food at the grocery store then to go to a restaurant every night. Often times in restaurants

Abolish The Death Penalty Essays - Capital Punishment, Penology

Abolish The Death Penalty Essays - Capital Punishment, Penology Abolish The Death Penalty Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty The death penalty is a major issue that brings up a lot of arguments in our society. The most important question concerning the death penalty is whether it should be abolished or not. I think that the death penalty is the ultimate denial of human rights. It violates the right to life as proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is the ultimate cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment. Race, social and economic status, location of crime, and pure chance may be deciding factors in death sentencing. In addition, prosecutors seek the death penalty far more frequently when the victim of the homicide is white than when the victim is black. The actual cost of an execution is substantially higher than the cost of imprisoning a person for life. Death was formerly the penalty for all felonies in English law. In practice the death penalty was never applied as widely as the law provided, as a variety of procedures were adopted to decrease the harshness of the law. Many offenders who committed capital crimes were pardoned, usually on condition that they agreed to be transported to what were then the American colonies; others were allowed what was known as benefit of clergy(Ploski 2). The beginning of benefit of clergy was that offenders who were established priests were subject to trial by the church courts rather than the non-religious courts. If the offender convicted of a felony could show that he had be ordained, he was allowed to go free, subject to the possibility of being punished by the ecclesiastical courts. In medieval times the only proof of ordination was literacy, and it became the custom by the 17th century to allow anyone convicted of a felony to escape the death sentence by giving proof of literacy(Ploski 4). In 18th-century England concern with rising crime led to many statutes either extending the number of offenses punishable with death or doing away with benefit of clergy for existing felonies, which as a result became capital(Black 2). By the end of the 18th-century English criminal law contained about 200 capital offenses. Many offenders who were convicted of capital crimes escaped the gallows as a result of reprieves and royal pardons, usually on condition of transportation, and many others who were charged with capital crimes were acquitted against the evidence, because the jury was unwilling to see the death penalty applied in a minor case(Black 5). The unpredictable application of the death penalty in the late 18th and early 19th centuries led to demands for humanitarian reform. Between 1820 and 1840 most capital statutes were repealed, and by 1861 only murder, treason, arson in a royal dockyard, and piracy with violence retained the death penalty. Until the mid-19th century executions in England were public, and throughout the 18th century great crowds attended the regular executions in London and other cities(Ploski 6). Often an execution was followed by scenes of violence and disorder in the crowd. Public opinion eventually turned against the idea of executions as spectacles, and after 1868 executions were carried out in private prisons( Black 7). The earliest recorded execution committed in the U.S. under state authority was in 1864. During 1864-1890, 57 persons were executed under state authority( Kasper 8). Since the 1960's, 100% of the executions performed under civil authority have been state executions(Mello 7). The power for local governments to perform executions, however, greatly dropped during this century. Perhaps the transfer of death penalty power from local to state governments was partially due to increased technology. Improved communications made it easier to centralize the decision-making about executions with state governments(Black 9). The legal killing of a criminal by carrying out a death sentence is a type of punishment called capital punishment. By taking away a criminal's life, capital punishment is the ultimate penalty. From 1930 to 1933, 4,085 prisoners were executed in the United States(Haines 3). In 1972, the Supreme Court ruled that laws regulating the death penalty in various states were defined as being unconstitutional in the form in which that existed at the time. This ruling prevented any executions from taking place period. In 1976, however, the Supreme Court upheld revised state laws regarding capital punishment, which made it legally possible again for states to carry out death sentences. From 1977 to 1993, 226 prisoners were executed(Kasper 2). Capital Punishment offenses differ between the states, and not all states have a death penalty. Most states with the death penalty choose first-degree murder as a capital offense. Some federal crimes also can be

The Importance of the Proclamation of 1763

The Importance of the Proclamation of 1763 At the end of the French and Indian War (1756-1763), France gave much of the Ohio and Mississippi Valley along with Canada to the British. The American colonists were happy with this, hoping to expand into the new territory. In fact, many colonists purchased new land deeds or were granted them as part of their military service. However, their plans were disrupted when the British issued the Proclamation of 1763. Pontiacs Rebellion The stated purpose of the Proclamation was to reserve the lands west of the Appalachian mountains for Indians. As the British began the process of taking over their newly gained lands from the French, they encountered major problems with the Native Americans who lived there. Anti-British feelings ran high, and a number of groups of Native Americans such as the Algonquins, Delawares, Ottawas, Senecas, and Shawnees joined together to make war against the British. In May 1763, the Ottawa laid siege to Fort Detroit as other Native Americans arose to fight against British outposts throughout the Ohio River Valley. This was known as Pontiacs Rebellion after the Ottawa war leader who helped lead these frontier attacks.  By the end of the summer, thousands of British soldiers, settlers, and traders were killed before the British fought the Native Americans to a stalemate. Issuing the Proclamation of 1763 In order to avoid further wars and increase cooperation with the Native Americans, King George III  issued the Proclamation of 1763 on October 7th. The proclamation included many provisions. It annexed the French islands of Cape Breton and St. Johns. It also set up four imperial governments in Grenada, Quebec, and East and West Florida. Veterans of the French and Indian War were granted lands in those new areas. However, the point of contention for many colonists was  that  colonists were forbidden from settling west of the Appalachians or beyond the headlands of the rivers that eventually flowed into the Atlantic Ocean.  As the Proclamation itself stated:   And whereas it is ...essential to Our Interest and the Security of Our Colonies, that the several Nations...of Indians...who live under Our Protection should not be molested or disturbed...no Governor...in any of Our other Colonies or Plantations in America, [is allowed to]  grant Warrants of Survey, or pass Patents for any Lands beyond the Heads or Sources of any of the Rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean.... In addition, the British restricted Native American trade only to individuals licensed by parliament. We...require that no private Person do presume to make any Purchase from the said Indians of any Lands reserved to the said Indians.... The British would have power over the area including trade and westward expansion. Parliament sent thousands of troops to enforce the proclamation along the stated border.   Unhappiness Amongst  the Colonists The colonists were greatly upset by this proclamation. Many had bought up land claims in the now forbidden territories. Included in this number were  future important colonists  such as George Washington,  Benjamin Franklin, and the Lee family. There was a feeling that the king wanted to keep the settlers confined to the eastern seaboard.  Resentment also ran high over the restrictions placed on trade with the Native Americans. However, many individuals including George Washington felt that the measure was only temporary in order to ensure greater peace with the Native Americans. In fact, the Indian commissioners pushed forward a plan to increase the area allowed for settlement, but the crown never gave final approval to this plan. British soldiers attempted with limited success to make settlers in the new area leave and stop new settlers from crossing the border. Native American land was now being encroached upon again leading to new problems with the tribes. Parliament had committed up to 10,000 troops to be sent to the region, and as the issues grew, the British increased their presence by inhabiting former French frontier fort and constructing additional defensive works along the proclamation line. The costs of this increased presence and construction would result in increased taxes among  the colonists, eventually causing the discontent that would lead to the American Revolution. Source:   George Washington to William Crawford, September 21, 1767, Account Book 2.  George Washington to William Crawford, September 21, 1767, Account Book 2. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2014.

Prohibiton essays

Prohibiton essays Prohibition, which was also known as The Noble Experiment, lasted in America from 1920 until 1933. There are quite a few results of this experiment: innocent people suffered; organized crime grew into an empire; the police, courts, and politicians became increasingly corrupt; disrespect for the law grew; and the per capita consumption of the prohibited substance-alcohol-increased dramatically, year by year. These results increased each of the thirteen years of this Noble Experiment, and they never returned to the levels that existed before 1920. Prohibition did not happen instantly, it settled on the country gradually, community by community, town by town, and eventually state by state for almost a century. The onset of National Prohibition in 1920 was merely the final blow. The first of the laws, such as the one in Virginia in 1619, through New Hampshire's law of 1719 were against drunkenness, not against drinking. The first law that limited liquor sales was implemented because of the religious beliefs of citizens. This particular law was passed in New York in 1697; it ordered that all public drinking establishments be closed on Sunday because, on the Lord's day, people should be worshiping the Bible not the bottle. In 1735, the religious had a prohibition law enacted for the entire state of Georgia. The law was a complete failure and was abandoned in 1742. For the most part, however, during the 1700s and early 1800s, those opposing liquor on religious grounds used sermons and persuasion rather than politics and laws to make their point. These persuasive efforts were known as the Temperance Movement, and its goal was to get everyone to voluntarily temper use of spirits. Maine went completely dry in 1851 and, by 1855, so had New Hampshire, Vermont, Delaware, Michigan, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New York Alabama passed a Prohibition law in 1907 which became effective on January 1,...

Software Engineering Tutorial Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Software Engineering Tutorial - Assignment Example Here, managing data being the prime task of Data-processing system, it is less applicable to the above system. All naturally happening systems are data processing systems, so that means what all we see is processed and interpreted by us so as to make it more relevant and useful. As far as our system is concerned, it is more of a spontaneous system rather than data related issues. The only information that needs to be kept is as the reference for examining values. Also, another useful thing is to make a log of all the different parameters such as pressure, temperature, etc, which can be really helpful in predicting the safe range for the above quantities. Generally, Data-processing system requires lot of storage capacity, but that's not the issue here. What is important here is the speed. Moving on to the next kind, Real-time Systems are the ones chasing the dead lines. They are called real time specifically because they work under a constrained environment, which deals with responsiv e attitude of the system. Real-time systems are designed for either real-time operating systems or other synchronous programming languages, which actually serve as a platform to build such immediate systems. These kinds of systems are really a challenge as they have a specific task to meet and if the software designed fails to deliver on time it's not of any worth. They are called real time specifically because they work under a constrained environment, which deals with responsive attitude of the system.  ... Our system deals with the naturally affecting factors such as pressure, friction, wear and tear and the work loss due to it. Such a system is definitely a real-time one. It has to take immediate care if any undue fluctuations are observed in the behavior of the system. For this to happen, a continuous monitoring is required. As described above, it is obviously a task to be performed in a constrained environment and it has a deadline and on missing the deadline the consequences can be expensive and destructive too. Moreover, when we are designing a system it should also take into account the pro and cons of it and then select the best combination for the product. This system would be an ideal one along with other ones working in the back up. (All the models of System Development Life Cycle) Decision Support System Description The next of the models is Decision support systems. This term is a very hazy one and this kind of system can be utilized variedly. Vaguely said, a Decision Support System is the one, which aids the process of decision-making. But, the developer, which actually designs it, only can define the clearer definition. Some of the explanations also suggest that Decision Support Systems or DSS can be used for the computer-based Information systems problems that are spontaneous or rather non-structured and deals with management issues. DSS can be of various characteristics based on the type of applications. A model-driven DSS would rather use the data provided by the users and it is an input to the system. Another of DSS is document-driven DSS which manages, gets back and manipulates unstructured information in different electronic formats. Finally

American Airlines vs. Southwest Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Airlines vs. Southwest - Term Paper Example As the report declares Southwest is found to be continually winning over American Airlines in terms of economies of scale. American Airlines is fast losing upon its consumer base which has compelled it to operate over a lower scale compared to its low cost rival. Economies of scale imply the accrual of profit over the long run on account of an expansion in the scale of operation. This paper stresses that LRAC is a combination of a large number of short run average cost curves which too assume a similar U-shape. However, their minimum point continues to shift lower and the LRAC is the locus of the minimum points of all these short run average cost curves. Normally, a company does not continue its production operations after having reached the point of minimum long run average cost. This is the reason why the long run average cost curve is often held similar to the supply curve of the concerned producer. He will generally produce at the point where his short run average cost is lowest and thus, when the loci of all those points are obtained, it yields the long run supply curve of the organization concerned. In the present case, the situation could be interpreted as follows. Southwest Airlines has been growing in size on account of an expansion in its customer base and its average cost of operation over the long run is being reduced simultaneously as well. Howev er, the situation is found to be quite different for American Airlines, which although has a prospect of operating over the large scale, cannot do so on account of a reduction in its customer base. ... The fall in the cost of production has been interpreted as long run average cost (LRAC). Actually, LRAC is a combination of a large number of short run average cost curves which too assume a similar U-shape. However, their minimum point continues to shift lower and the LRAC is the locus of the minimum points of all these short run average cost curves. Normally, a company does not continue its production operations after having reached the point of minimum long run average cost. This is the reason why the long run average cost curve is often held similar to the supply curve of the concerned producer. He will generally produce at the point where his short run average cost is lowest and thus, when the loci of all those points are obtained, it yields the long run supply curve of the organization concerned (McEachern, 2011). In the present case, the situation could be interpreted as follows. Southwest Airlines has been growing in size on account of an expansion in its customer base and it s average cost of operation over the long run is being reduced simultaneously as well. However, the situation is found to be quite different for American Airlines, which although has a prospect of operating over the large scale, cannot do so on account of a reduction in its customer base. A reduction in average cost accompanied by a hike in production implies the incurrence of higher profit margins as well. This could be well evinced through the fact that during the first quarter of 2009, Southwest Airlines reaped a profit of nearly USD 5 million while its passenger base increased by approximately 12 percent. Over the same period, American Airlines incurred a huge loss and its passenger traffic expanded by a nominal 1.6 percent (CBS News, ‘Airline

Had the Increased Influence of Minor Parties and Independents Enhanced Essay

Had the Increased Influence of Minor Parties and Independents Enhanced Democracy in Australia - Essay Example It is for this reason that democracy is said to be governance for the people (Stock, 2006). These positive remarks about democracy do not mean however that the successes associated with democracy come on a silver platter. Democratic successes are actually worked and it only takes a country with very good structures and systems to have a perfect democratic practice that is free from hitches and predicaments. A democratic practicing nation, Australia has held on to the very fundamental provisions of democratic governance for a very long time. Though globally acclaimed as a democratic giant, the country continues to make strives in getting her democratic practice become even better. It is for this reason that the democratic practice of Australia continues to be under scrutiny and research. All these happen in a bid to establish the core place of Australia’s democratic practice in global politics. 1.2 Research Question The successful completion of this essay would be judged by whe ther or not the writer has been able to address and sufficiently answered the question: â€Å"Has the increased influence of minor parties and independents enhanced democracy in Australia?† 1.3 Rationale for the Study As pointed out earlier, Australia as a country is never resting on her achievement as a recognized practitioner of fair and transparent democracy. Rather, there continues to be ways of searching for knowledge and ideas to make the democratic practice of the country even better (Warhurst, 2007). The rationale of this essay is firmly rooted in this philosophy to examine the role of minor political parties and independents in Australia and ways of ensuring that the minor political parities become even more proactive and useful to the democratic dispensation of the country. 1.4 Central Argument One of the core philosophies of the Australian democratic practice that could be pointed out as a secret to her democracy is the involvement of minor political parties in the country’s democratic dispensations. The writer therefore takes the position that the increased influence of minor political parties and independence in Australia’s political system has enhanced democracy in Australia. 2.0 REVIEW OF INFLUENCE OF MINOR PARTIES TO AUSTRALIA’S DEMOCRACY The writer shall use the following sections to break his persuasion into three major themes of the role of minor political parties in enhancing the democratic practice of Australia. These themes were first used by Gauja (2010). The themes are electoral influence, organisational influence and parliamentary influence. Each theme shall have two major factors or roles. 2.1 Electoral 2.1.1 Consolidates the basic provisions of the constitution The first electoral role that the minor political parties play in Australia’s political democratic system is that they help in consolidating the basic provisions of the country’s constitution. This is because in Australian constitution , there is a special provision for proportional representation (Vromen and Gelber, 2005). Proportional representation method of voting is a special dispensation that demands that minor political parties and independents should attain a minimum of one quota in all electoral state. Such representation is further manifest in the parliamentary system as the representatives from the minor political parties are represented in a parliamentary chamber. This is a major justification that in the absence of minor poli

Enterprise infrastructure and Cloud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Enterprise infrastructure and Cloud - Essay Example The two types are available in three computing platforms which include SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. TRU should choose IaaS out of the three available platforms. Cloud computing is a distributed computing system that makes information technology services available on remote computers. Internet based service providers offer cloud computing. Some of the services offered include data storage, processing, applications, and software. Organizations using cloud services can improve their efficiency and can also respond quickly to customers’ demands. Private cloud computing is owned and operated by a single organization. The organization itself can either manage or hire a third party to do the management on its behalf. The organization can also set up a private cloud within its premises or in some other place. Community cloud computing system is shared by several organizations. The organizations using the shared infrastructure have common concerns such as policy, security requirements, mission, or even particular compliance. The organizations can jointly manage the infrastructure or higher a third party. The facility may also exist within or outside the premises of the organizations (Radack). Hybrid cloud consists of at least two cloud services such as public, private or community. The various cloud services grouped together remain separate entities, but applications and data are portable (Radack). Software as a Service (SaaS) involves organizations renting cloud applications from service providers. The consumers can access the cloud services through applications such as web browsers. In such a computing platform, the service provider manages the entire cloud infrastructure. The consumers, thus, cannot control the operating systems, applications, networks and storage. In such a system, the service provider can easily integrate new system functionality. The consumers also benefit by running the same software version (Sareen, 533). Platform as a

Interoperability Essay Example for Free

Interoperability Essay Interoperability has been described as the extent in which systems and devices can exchange data and translate that shared information. It is the ability of one system to perform work in addition with other systems without asking for too much hard work from the other users. This system enhances the importance for information technology to make the networks and integrations work. In order for the process to function properly the two systems that are attempting to share information must be able to exchange data and introduce that same information to other users in a way that he or she can understand it. There are many organizations in the business world and many have different operating systems. The importance of interoperability in this aspect is to allow each organization to share important information amongst one another. An example would be if an organization such as Child Protective Services (CPS) wanted to share client information with another Protective Services agency regarding a client both organizations should be able to exchange and translate information amongst coordinating organizations. Child Protective Services Child Protective Services (CPS) is known as major department with the Department of Human Services. CPS supports and maintains the social and economic welfare of children by offering services to children to help protect them from abuse and/or child neglect. The Department of Humans Services in California offers CPS to families. CPS serves as mandated reports as well as an organization to protect children from neglect or abuse within the home, from his or her family, foster home or anyone responsible for the care of the child. The services of CPS are to provide protection to the children, provide resources to enable to child to remain residing in the home under safe and harmless circumstances. Also to remove abused or neglected children from the home and to possibly terminate any parental or guardian rights to ensure that the child will be eliminated from any potential danger or harm. The basic constituent of the process include: providing any and all services to minimize potential harm to children and provide resources to families to help them protect and provide appropriate care to his or her child. Next, is to provide the best services possible to meet each child and families unique needs. Last, taking each allegation  made seriously and assessing the allegations to the best of one’s ability to ensure that if there is any form of abuse or neglect the necessary steps occur in order to protect the child. The services of CPS are to intervene if necessary and protect children until his or her parent is capable to doing so. The most essential aspect of CPS is to recognize the protection of children and to ensure that reasonable efforts are made to maintain children safely in their own home, to reunite the family as soon as the courts see fit or to find permanency for the child if the situation permits for the parental rights to be voided. Other services inc lude mental health, counseling, parenting skills training, medical care/services and adoption services. Methods of Interoperability There are several different methods to implement interoperability. Many organizations have created their own interoperability methods. One of the methods of interoperability is technical interoperability, which is the ability for different technologies to communicate and exchange data-based upon well-defined interface standards. The second is semantic interoperability, which is the ability to each endpoint to communicate data and have the receiving party understand the message in the sense intended by the sending party. The third is policy interoperability, which is the common business policies and processes related to the transmission, receipt and acceptance of data between systems, which a legal framework supports. Advantages and Disadvantages Conclusion Interoperability has been described as the extent in which systems and devices can exchange data and translate that shared information. Interoperability has many advantages and disadvantages. The goal of CPS is to find avenues to execute full backups bi-weekly and this process will be complemented daily. This organization will also implement an extended back up program monthly.

Problems Of Waste Disposal In Developing Countries Environmental Sciences Essay

Problems Of Waste Disposal In Developing Countries Environmental Sciences Essay J. Staniskis (2005), said the acceptance that waste is there, it will always be there cannot lead to waste management solution. We need to know the reasons of waste generation, the can we prevent it. This goes to mean, municipal waste is evident and something needs to be done about it if we need to save lives and protect the environment for the present and the future generation. The aim of this chapter therefore is to introduce the what is municipal waste management, it principles and concept that can be applied in order to improve or optimize waste management strategies in developing countries as well as the case study of this report. Also it will introduce the specific problems affecting efficient management of waste in developing countries. Most human activities generate waste and the manner in which these waste are handled, stored, collected and disposed of that poses risks to both the environment and human health. In fact where the concentrations of human activities are intense like in the urban areas, the needs for an appropriate solid waste management is imminent in order to foster healthy living conditions for the population. As a matter of fact, this ideology has been embraced by many governments with many municipalities trying to provide some basic services. In less developing countries, about 2/3 of most of the wastes generated are uncollected (World Resources Institute, et al., 1996, Achankeng, 2004, USAID 2009). Most of these uncollected wastes which are often mixed with animal and human excreta, are usually thrown in an indiscriminate manner in both the streets and drains which contribute to flooding, insect breeding, rodent vectors and the ultimate spread of diseases (Zerboc, 2003). Most municipal solid waste in Africa and other low-income countries when collected are dumped on land in a more or less uncontrolled way. As a result, this uncontrolled manner of dumping may cause serious adverse effects on both the environment in turn, affect human and animal health and as well as severe economic losses ( Zurbrà ¼gg 2002). Environmental degradation which come as a result of inadequate disposal of waste is expressed by, the contamination of surface and ground water via leachate, soil contamination through direct waste contact or leachate, air pollution by burning of wastes, spreading of diseases by different vector like birds, insects and rodent , or uncontrolled release of methane by anaerobi c decomposition of waste. The decomposition of organic materials produces methane which is capable of causing fire and explosion and this can contribute to serious global warming. For example in a Mexican city of Tampico in the Gulf of Mexico coast, there was fire which burned for over six months in an open dump (Medina, 2003). In some municipalities not served with waste collection facilities, the unusual way for waste reduction is applied by dumped managers and that is through a deliberate setting of periodic firs at the dumps so as to reduce the volume of the waste. This therefore creates space for the dumping of more waste and thus extends the life of the dumps areas. Africa itself produces thousands of tons of waste daily and in which case, most of the solid wastes ends up in open and wetlands which leads to ground water and surface contaminations (USAID, 2009). According to this report, solid waste generation rate for some cities in Africa estimated to be about 0.5 to 0.8 kilogram per person a day. As a matter of fact, comparing these figures with the 1-2 kg per person per day generated in developed countries according to USAID, the figure seems small comparatively but a difficult problem to manage in the context of most developing countries. This because, most cities in the developing countries are handicap or lack the resources to match the demand of services in terms of solid waste management and environmental sanitation (Medina 2002; Achankeng, 2004). In fact because of service insufficiency in cities of most developing countries, there has been an increase in the deterioration of most urban environment especially in the aspect of water and land pollution which is a source of risk to both human health and the environment. 2.1 OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT As earlier mentioned previously, municipal solid waste management is becoming a serious problem in cities of many developing countries (MSWM). This is because, most cities do not collect the totality of the waste generated and of course of the entire waste possibly collected; only a few fractions is disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. However the whole objective of solid waste management is an ideal concept, that is, solid waste management is aimed to reduce the quantity of solid waste that are disposed off on land by recovery of materials and energy from solid waste (Medina 2002; Zurbrugg 2003; Achankeng 2004). This objective is very well acceptable and applicable all over the world and this is commonly backed by with principles (as will be seen below). Some of the principles of municipal solid waste management involve the application of the principle of sustainable development and principle of Integrated Solid Waste Management ISWM). Integrated solid waste management here refers to the application of suitable techniques, technologies and management programs that deals with waste of all types as well as waste from all sources so as to attain the ultimate goals of sustainable waste reduction and effective waste management which will help in better management of waste produced thereafter. 2.1.1 Sustainable waste reduction Of recent, it has been realized that, in order to attain a successful sustainable waste management, industries and society have to produce more goods and services with a lesser use of the worlds resources (using less materials and energy) and less pollution and waste. In most countries today, despite increase in production of goods, product changes have been introduce and put into use, i.e. applying the techniques of internal recycling of materials and on-site energy recovering which act as a way of solid waste minimization schemes. 2.1.2 Effective Solid Waste Management In an effective management perspective, the systems of solid waste management are needed to ensure an absolute human health safety. In fact, the whole system of effective solid waste management must ensure absolute protection of waste management workers and safety of the entire public health through diseases prevention as well as it must be sustainable in both environmentally and economically manners. By this notion, it means effective solid waste management must have the capacity to reduce in a sustainable way the environmental impacts of waste management and the cost of operation must be acceptable by the entire community. Entirely, an effective waste management system should encompass some options like: waste collection and transportation, resource recovering through separation, resource recovering through waste processing etc. 2.2 CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The issue of waste management has in recent years attracted global concern especially in relation to the environment (Staniskis, 2005). This has led to the creation of many organizations both from local, national to international with the aim to seek for means to develop a more resounding ways of handling, storing and disposing of solid waste in a sustainable and friendly manner (W. Kates et al. 2005). According to W.Kates et al. (2005) it is of recent that the of the need of sound waste management was integrated in the concept of sustainable development created by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) initiated by United Nations General Assembly in 1982, and named the Brundtland Commission in 1987. Following the aim of this commission, it realized that despite the effects of human activities on the environment, humanity still has the possibility to make their developments sustainable in a way that, it should meets the needs of the present without compromising th e ability of future generation to meet their own needs (WCED 1997). This actually, opens as a new way of rethinking as this doctrine was embraced by almost all countries in the world. Following the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the doctrine was endorsed and expanded as Agenda 21 which laid out the plan to tackle and overcome economic and ecological problems. Many countries embracing this doctrine have created and adopted supplementary laws to under-score the recommendations of Agenda 21 and Cameroon s not left out. To this effect, many developing countries like Cameroon his was followed by the development of a strategic framework for sustainable development that is, Cameroon created a national environmental management plan which was inculcated into chapter 1 in Article 13 in the law on the environment of 1996, as well as in Chapter 1V Article 45-53 which addresses all issues related to sustainable waste management in the country. According to UNESA (2002), sustainable development has foster and reshape ideologies environment, economy and society. However, today more emphasis on sustainability is focused on the aspect of sustainable development and environment protection, but in which case the broadness of this concept goes deeper than just environmental protection. In developing countries and Africa in particular, water scarcity, resource degradation, falling in the standard of living, species extinction, and tribal conflict which arises because of scrambling for resources are major problems related to environmental degradation. In what sense, if this situation is not handled in a responsible manner in a long while, it might cause serious environmental degradation on environment that can lead to total havoc on human life on earth (UNESA, 2002) 2.3 INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT (IWM): Municipal solid waste has become a serious issue to be worried of within developing countries. This is because most municipalities in the developing countries are handicap in financial and technologically in handling municipal waste management problems. The development of the concept of IWM came to experience as a means to address certain common issues with municipal waste especially in Low-income countries (LIC). Long time ago, the management of solid waste was practiced through collection, land disposal and incineration of household waste. Today, the situation has improved due to increasing awareness of the dangers of environmental degradation caused by human activities (Cole and Sinclair 2002). Apparently, studies have proven that, landfill and incineration solution to solid waste management are not enough to habdle the volumes of solid waste generated both communities and industries (J. Staniskis, 2005). It is imperative to comprehend that, in developed countries; the most suitab le and widely applicable approach for a sustainable environmental waste management is the Integrated Waste Management (Cole and Sinclair 2002). In this context, an integrated approach to waste management consist of hierarchy and coordinated set of action which according to Medina (2002), aim in reducing pollution, maximize recovery of reusable and recyclable materials so as to protect both the environment and human health. IWM systems follow general hierarchy of waste management, Fig, 2.1 Hierarchy of integrated waste management Source: African Development Bank (2002) In this way, it tries to conceive specific issues and needs of community and to develop some appropriate and integrated sets of solution in each context. Several solid waste management studies having bring forth the possibilities of certain approach capable to adapt in many developing countries situation. An overview of some possible solution via the concept of integrated waste management can illuminate the illustration above. 2.3.1 Waste Prevention/Source reduction Large and wide, it has been recognized and proven that waste minimization is by far the most feasible tool for resource efficiency and sustainable development. The fact that we acknowledge that waste is exist and will continue to be there, cannot solve the problem or better still leads to waste prevention. As is often said, it is better to prevent a disease than to cure it. Also, it is after the cause of a disease is known that it can be cured. In this like, according to J. Staniskis (2005), to better prevent waste, it is imperative to first of all know the source of it generation. It is only after identifying the it source of generation that certain prevention measures listed below can be applied. Application of more efficient production technologies to reduce waste Internal recycling of production waste Substitution of hazardous substances Reuse of products or part of products for the same purposes This method requires that, before household disposed off their waste, efficient waste management decision and policies must have been implemented. Through the application of waste prevention, a great deal of waste reduction can be achieved through the introduction of ideas like changing products which help to increase the advantages of pollution reduction and resources efficientcy (J. Staniskis, 2005; Zebroc, 2003) 2.3.2 Reuse Reuse in the context of waste hierarchy refers to recovery of products and use them again. This entail the reduction in the consumption of scarce raw materials thereby saving both water and energy, prevent waste generation as well as reducing pollution. This is quite evidence in most cities in the Less develop countries. For example in Cameroon, both soft drinks like Coka cola, sprite and Pamplemousse as well as mineral water (Tangui and Super Mont) are sole in plastic bottles. After consuming these brands, the consumers keep the plastic bottles for another purpose, e.g. re-sell the bottles to the retailers, also, refill the plastic bottles with drinkable water and later store in the refrigerator. As a matter of fact, this act as a source of income to some household who go around searching and picking these bottles in order to re-sell them to the shops or retailers. 2.3.3. Recycle Recycling of materials is an important aspect of reducing the amount of waste to be disposed off. This system of waste management is being well practiced in developed countries but to a lesser extend in developing countries due to their waste composition, making recycling ineffective in most developing countries. The notion of waste separation at source (household) is a common practice worldwide especially in low-income countries- waste separation is done with a lot of attention by waste pickers and scavengers who recover valuable items from this operation and sell to itinerant buyers e.g. plastic bottles, metals, old shoes, old clothes, papers (Snow, 2003) According to Zerboc (2003), a well organize and waste practice backed by local municipality can enhance safety of on workers health as well improving the income for waste pickers and collectors. Furthermore, waste recycling can be an important economic option for some cities in the developing countries which produces waste similar to cities in developed countries, but in cases where the local municipalities are unable to provide recycling facilities due to financial problems, partnership with other private recycling companies can be another better option (Sudhir et al. 1997) 2.3.4. Composting of waste Taking into consideration the composition of waste in most cities in developing countries, waste composting seems to be a more preferable option to management their waste (African Development Bank, 2002). According to Cointreau (1982), Achankeng (2004) Gordon (2005), most waste in developing countries can be reduced through composting. This is because; most of the wastes generated have higher composition of organic materials. Following their research, about 78-85% of compostable materials were realized in waste generated in some low-income countries like SriLanka. Achankeng (2004) in his research found out that, compostable materials in waste produced in the city of Bamenda in Cameroon stood at about 85%. According to African Development Bank (200), Gordon (2005), the practice of composting can offer the following advantages It helps in the reduction of the amount of waste It has the possibility of reducing landfill gas emission and also because, since it is process is natural, the help reduces environmental degradation Offer the advantage of recovering fertilizer and natural manure that can be used agricultural purposes. 2.3.5 Incineration According to Zurbrugg (2003) and J. Staniskis (2005), incineration is another important option of managing waste. It is a process where waste is being burnt under a controlled and monitored condition. Despite the fact that incineration has the capability of reducing waste to about 90%, this option is still difficult to fit in the context of developing countries due to the cost of constructing a solid waste incineration plant (Medina 2002). Ti construction, maintenance is very costly and cannot be handled by developing countries. Another serious problem of incineration in developing countries is the fact that, most waste consist of high amount of compostable materials and contain high moisture quantity which makes the functioning of incinerators inefficient. 2.3.6. Landfills This method is commonly practice in most developing countries. Sanitary land fill is designed to for final waste disposal. As a matter of fact, it is recognized as a better option of waste management than open dumping commonly practice in cities in developing countries. According to African Development Bank (2002), what makes sanitary landfill some how complex is the way it should be planned, what kind of administration should be associated to it and the amount of experts to be involve Sanitary Landfill has some advantages like reducing the risk of both environmental and human health associated to all kinds of wastes Reduce the absorption of methane underground Production of energy i.e. electricity through the burning of methane captured from landfill gas. The allocation of landfill requires the municipal government identify a convenient location so that it should be far away from human residences. Through the creation of sanitary landfill, it can generate job opportunities for citizens, also reduces pollution and conservation of natural resources. 2.4 PROBLEMS OF SOLID WASTE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 2.4.1 Urban Population growth The first serious problem related to solid waste management in developing countries s that of urban population growth. Most developing countries and Africa in particular, is witnessing fast urban growth because many people a commuting from the suburbs to the cities for better livelihood. This has led to a tremendous increase in the concentration of population in towns and cities (Nath 2003). According to facts from World Bank (2006), the world population has witnessed a tremendous rise since the beginning of 1990 with developing countries recording the fastest growth. The result of this rapid population growth has led to increase in waste generation in urban centers. According to African Development Banks (2002), the rapid population expansion has led to increase in the amount of waste generated in most urban centers in African thus, leading to excess waste over limited infrastructures. Also, rapid urban growth has led to the creation of informal pattern of settlements in cities of developing countries. This has resulted in the creation of slums, with housing and living conditions which are horrible. The pressure of ever-growing population on urban infrastructure in many cities overburdens the provision of urban services. Urban municipal governments are under intense pressure to meet the demand for basic services such as water, sanitation and solid waste management (Medina 2002). Most of the slums grow in an unplanned manner, and the local municipalities are ill prepared to provide basic facilities (like garbage collection) to the ever growing population. This causes garbage to be dumped in open spaces, leading to disastrous effect on the social, economic and environmental health of the area (Kuniyal et al. 1998, Medina 2002, Zerboc 2003); consequently this has resulted in financial and institutional constraints to manage the resulting solid wastes (Chakrabarti and Sarkhel 2003). Even those enjoying decent housing dump garbage in the open space, due to 2.4.2 Lack of finances and infrastructures In a developing country framework, though solid waste management accounts for 20 to 50 per cent of the municipal budget (Schà ¼beler 1996, Bartone 2000), the service is provided to only about 50 per cent of the urban population; actual collection only accounts for around 60 to 70 per cent of the refuse (Gerlagh et al 1999, Khawas 2003). For instance, Latin American countries were generating approximately 275,000 tones of solid waste per day in urban areas, necessitating a fleet of 30,000 trucks and 350,000 m3 of land a day to properly collect and dispose the waste (Chakrabarti and Sarkhel 2003). The insufficiency of services results in the deterioration of the urban environment in the form of water, air, and land pollution; which not only poses risks to human health but to the environment as well (Medina 2002). Another impact of the increasing population is the creation of a vicious cycle of pollution. Rise in population is not met by equal increase in infrastructural facilities, wh ich leads to increase in the filth and garbage. As filth gets accumulated, less and less number of inhabitants are willing to pay for the retrieval services leading to loss of revenue to the municipality and further deterioration of the quality of services rendered (Zerboc 2003). The impact of deteriorating services are directly felt, as there is visible increase in waste being dumped right besides the human habitats, which causes tremendous risk to both environment and human health. The present situation is expected to deteriorate even more due to rapid unchecked urbanization and growth in human population (Zurbrugg 2003). 2.4.3. Environmental problems The impacts of solid waste on environment is immense, from release of harmful green house gases (GHGs) to contamination of ground water, improper solid waste can wreck havoc on the environmental health. The most serious environmental problem in terms of solid wastes is the emission of GHGs. According to Thorneloe et al (2002), the waste management sector represents 4% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions and landfills contribute the largest anthropogenic source of methane, contributing 90% to the total GHGs release from the waste sector in the United States. Methane is a primary constituent of landfill gas (LFG) and a potent greenhouse gas when released to the atmosphere. LFG is created as a natural byproduct of decomposing organic matter, such as food and paper disposed of in these landfills and it consists of about 35-50 % methane (CH4) and 35-50 % carbon dioxide (CO2), and a 26 trace amount of non-methane organic compounds. Each day millions of tons of municipal solid waste are di sposed of in sanitary landfills and dump sites around the world. According to Methane to Markets Partnership, website (2004); globally, landfills are the third largest anthropogenic (human influenced) emission source, accounting for about 13 percent of global methane emissions or over 223 million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE). The status of solid waste management system thus considerably influences the problems associated with climate change and global warming. 2.4.4 Health problems Serious public health problems arise due to uncollected solid waste and waste often leading to many infectious diseases including water borne diseases such as cholera and dysentery. Such incidence of diseases puts additional burden on the scanty health services available in resource poor developing countries. Insect and rodent vectors are attracted to the waste and one may recall that as many as 200,000 people had to flee after the outbreak of pneumonic plague in Surat in Western India (1994). The outbreak is attributed to the uncontrolled fermentation of wastes which created favorable conditions for the breeding and growth of rodents and insects that acted as vectors of diseases (Venkateshwaran 1994). A similar study by WHO (1995) observed in 1994 that 616960 cases of cholera resulting in 4389 deaths were reported in Angola, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania (UNCEA 1996) which can be linked to the fact that in Northern Africa as much as 20 to 80 per cent of urban solid wastes are dump ed in open spaces (Chakrabarti and Sarkhel 2003). Contamination of ground water by disease causing organisms from water seeping through dumps is likely to include the viruses of hepatitis, poliomyelitis and gastroenteritis (Medina 2002); thus such water contamination may have long run health effects apart from dysentery and cholera. The U.S. Public Health Service identified 22 human diseases that are linked to improper solid waste management (Hanks, 1967 in Hoornweg et al., 1993). The most immediate health threat due to solid waste in developing countries is to the waste workers, rag pickers and scavengers. Waste workers and rag pickers in developing countries are seldom protected from direct contact and injury. The co-disposal of hazardous and medical wastes with municipal wastes poses serious health threat. Exhaust fumes from waste collection vehicles, dust stemming from disposal practices, and open burning of waste also contribute to overall health problems (Hoornweg et al 1993). The magnitude of the health problems due to solid waste in case of developing countries are particularly alarming where the proper collection and disposal of solid waste is impeded by paucity of funds and technological capacity. The areas, which are not serviced, are left with clogged sewers and litters which create serious health problems for the resident population (Khawas 2003). Crowding and unsanitary conditions are important amplifiers of the transmission of infectious diseases. Many infectious diseases thrive where there is a lack of water, and inadequate drainage, sanitation and solid waste removal (Mcmichael 2002). Conclusively, it can be realized that, the issue of waste management in developing countries and Africa in particular posses a lot of challenges which are burning issues to deal with. However, there are some advantages like creating jobs for jobless nationals which is an important advantage for developing countries as a result of good waste management. In more precise way, the whole literature scenario depicts that, much needs to be done by policy makers and municipalities in order to effectively management their waste. Policies enacted should be implemented with the involvement of both private stakeholders and the entire community. Waste management planning should be done in such a manner that, all stakeholders should have a say on the issue of waste as well as training programs can be made an important part of waste management planning. This is because; it will enable the entire community to be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of waste management in the milieu.